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Oceanic and Oriental Navigation Company : ウィキペディア英語版 | Oceanic and Oriental Navigation Company The Oceanic and Oriental Navigation Company, sometimes shortened to O & O, was an American shipping company that operated from 1928 to 1938. The company was a joint venture between Matson Navigation Company and the American-Hawaiian Steamship Company. In 1927, Swayne & Hoyt Lines, a San Francisco-based shipping company, was operating the American-Australian-Orient Line cargo service with ships under charter from the . The American-Australian-Orient Line sailed between ports in the California to ports in Australia, New Zealand, and China. When Swayne & Hoyt's financial difficulties hindered their operation of the ships, the Oceanic and Oriental Navigation Company was formed as a joint venture between the American-Hawaiian Steamship Company and Oceanic-Matson, a subsidiary of Matson Navigation Company, with each company holding a 50% stake in Oceanic and Oriental.〔de la Pedraja Tomán, p. 450–51.〕 Oceanic-Matson operated the California – Australia – New Zealand routes, while the American-Hawaiian Steamship Company operated the routes to China.〔 By 1938, Oceanic and Oriental had ceased operations.〔de la Pedraja Tomán, p. 382.〕 == References ==
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